Chapter Breakdown

 Acronyms, Agender, AMAB and AFAB, Binary gender, cis gender, cross-dresser, gender, gender dysphoria  

  Regulating sexuality and gender- early examples of possible trans and intersex people in us colonies

Short fictional book from 1850s

1850s when cross dressing first illegal

Box Outlawing Cross-Dressing

1920s pivotal decade shift as women had right to vote and new technology and art movements

Less distinction between trans, gay, and lesbian

1850s first wave feminism began, changes to dress tantamount to crossdressing, transpacific immigrants as well with similar dress for men and woman

The Social Power of Medicine 

German born Hungarian citizen coined the term homosexual  

  Magnus Hirschfeld’s sexual intermediaries, unique combination of sex characteristics leading to 43 million kinds (or genders) of humans

Believed sex and gender rotted in biology and a just society would recognize the natural order of things

1910 written transvestites, book length treatment of transgender phenomena. Worked with berlin police to stop harassment and targeting of transgender people

Midcentury Transgender Social Networks 

History of different activists in 1850s-1940s for women and transgender movements

Case 13: The Story of a Nineteenth-Century Transvestite

Alfred Kinsey, sex researcher, 

Lousie Lawrence, living full time as a woman in 1942, waystation for trans people and interface between medical researchers and transgender social networks

Virginia Prince used that social network to send out a newsletter Tranvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality 

Christine Jorgensen was the first transgender person to receive significant media attention in America after hormonal and sex change procedure in Europe. It had already been performed in Copenhagen numerous times by 1949

1950s-1960s, transvestitism as heterosexual male cross-dressing and transexual as those that sought surgical transformation

Government Harassment

Prince had a corrospondant that she shared lesbian sexual fantasies with. The corrospondant was another cross-dresser that was under government surveillance which led to Prince being prosecuted for distributing obscenity through the US mail

Box Literature and Obscenity

Princes Transvestia excluded explicit sexual content and focused on social commentary

The First Modern Transgender Orginazations

Prince started FPE foundation for personality expression

Box Drag Balls

Box Street Queens

Militant Foreshadowing

John Rechy, author of City of Night wrote a book about undocumented incident in 1959 when trans and gay resentment towards police oppression erupted. Cops would patrol area where Cooper Do-nut that stayed open all night which was situated inbetween two gay bars. Cops would arrest anyone whose presentation didn’t match their gender marker on their ids for suspiscion of prostitution, vagrancy, loitering, or nuisance crimes. Ch 3. Para 2

Deweys Place popular since 1940s but started turning away customers in noncomformast clothing in April 1965, information picket line formed around the restaurant and sit ins

The Compton’s Cafeteria Riot of 1966

Contextualizing Compton’s

1960s, discrimination against transgender people in housing and employment more common than today

Crack down in

Military and civilian

police, along with public health officials, cooperate to prevent troops (many of

them quite eager to escape thoughts of battlefield death with wild sexual

escapades) from acquiring sexually transmitted infections that might

compromise their combat readiness and which might even be spread within the

ranks by homosexual activity ch 3 para 13

Grassroots campaign for economic justice in 1965 created the first successful multiracial gay-straight alliance when Tenderloin neighborhood people were being displaced for urban renewal and redvevelopmeant

Dr. Harry Benjamin published the Transexual Phenomenon which continued Magnus Hirschfeld’s work that a person’s gender identity could not be changed so it’s the doctors responsibility to help transgender people live fuller and happier lives

A New Network of Services and Organizations

A Behind-the-Scenes Benefactor

Before Reed Erickson in the 1970s trans men disappeared into the woodwork for its easier for a female to pass as a man tan a male to pass as a woman

Reed inherited his fathers business and sold in it 1969 for $5 million, by the time of his death it exceeded $40 million

He began masculinizing his body in 1963. In 1964 established the Erickson Education Foundation (EEF) which published education pamphlets to transsexuals and funded Dr. Benjamin’s book

And funded the National Transexual Counseling Unit

Stonewall

Box Radical Transsexual

Stonewall’s Transgender Legacy

Angela K. Doulas 

  1970s woman could adorn mens clothes, men had less freedom but more than the 1960s but this did little to change sexism and social oppression based on gender

Backlash and Watershed

1960s-early 1970s “big science” period of transgender history with university funding transgender research and transition

1970s when gay and feminist communities gave up alliances with transgender political movement

Box Trans Lib

Homosexuality removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1973

Gay and trans no longer had common interest in working to address how they were treated by mental health establishment

As feminist movement move to critical opinion of genders butch and fem lesbians marginalized within lesbian feminist political community

Feminist Transphobia

Controversy around transgender feminist Beth Elliott started by an old college roommate that said she raped her started the “transsexual rapist” trope that circulated in grassroots lesbian networks

Janice G. Raymond combined many strands of antitransgender discourse circling within feminist communities and wrote The Transexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male published in 1979

Box Trans-Positive Second Wave Feminism

GID and HIV

With Gender Identity Disorter (GID) being added to the 4thedition DSM in 1980, several university-based programs shut down or spun off into privately run clinics

Transgender communities became inwardly focused by the 1980s concentrating on providing mutual aid and support to their members than on social activism

FTM Communities

Many butch lesbians moved to transitioning to men after leaving the homosexual communities

Not all trans men come from lesbian and many embraced gay male identities

1977 first full-length autobiography of a teans man published in the US Emergence by Mario Martino

Steve Dain became a prominent FTM spokesperson after suing the school he taught at for arresting him for disturbing the peace after transitioning during summer break and coming back as the science teacher

Box Lou Sullivan: Recording a Life

Lou Sullivan said on his death bed “You told me I couldn’t live as a gay man, but now I am going to die like one” died of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia PCP closely associated with AIDS

  1990s states started letting postoperative transexuals marry in their current gender

The New Transgender and Queer Feminist Theory

1990s when transgender became a catch all term for all nonnormative forms of gender expression and identity

Sandy Stone who wrote The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttransexual Manifesto in 1992 helped shift the old trans-exclusionary feminist debates into a productive new register. Helped give transgender movement intellectual and political agenda

Box Transsubjectivity and Reality Hacking

Feminist sex wars that questioned if there could be feminist sex work without internalized misogyny

Sex-negative feminists saw transsexual gential modification as fetish, prostitution, and rape, sex positive opened a path for transgender practices and perspectives could similarly contest the censure of certain kinds of feminists

Aids and the New Transgender

LGB(T) (and sometimes I)

Large overlap between queer and trans community formed in 1990s though both groups were not always accepting of the other

Forging a National Transgender Movement

Box Remembering our Dead

Early Twenty-First-Century Transformations

In 1990s trans men continued to gain visibility to the point that many younger people came to associate “transgender” with trans masculinity than trans woman

The Federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) started in 1970s didn’t make it out of congressional debate till 1994. At the time transgender movement did not have enough traction to be included but by 2007 when ENDA was poised for the first passage since 1994, gender identity was supposed to be included. Barney Frank an openly gay Massachusetts congressman took a poll of his colleagues and thought a transgender-inclusive version couldn’t pass and split ENDA into separate bills. Only the sexual-orientation version passed

  2013 DSM-V dropped the diagnostic category Gender Identity Disorder

Statistical Portraits and Trans Generations

Box Celebrity Trans Culture

Girl scouts welcomed trans and gender nonconforming girls since 2015 but boy scouts have been less accommodating

Leaderless Revolts, Critical Resistance, and Trans Countercultures

Chlsea Manning, a trans woman who served the US Army as a man, leaked U.S. government documents about the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq after becoming critical of what the US was doing. They kept her in isolation for nine months in a state that the UN would define as torture. She disclosed her transgender status but was sent to a men’s facility though allowed low does of estrogen. Faced man cruel and arbitrary punishments. Wasn’t released till Obama released her as one of his last acts as president.

Trans Cultural Production and Mass Media Represntation

Box Trans Academia

Mainstreaming Trans Politics

Backlash, Survival, and Resistance

Box Toilet Trouble